What is Ballard Nursing Center's Medicare star rating?

CMS rates Ballard Nursing Center 3 out of 5 stars overall, with 3 for health inspections, 2 for staffing and 3 for quality measures (CMS data as of September 1, 2026).

How many deficiencies did Ballard Nursing Center get at its last inspection?

3 health deficiencies at the standard inspection on August 28, 2025. The Oklahoma average is 6.4.

Does Ballard Nursing Center accept Medicaid?

It is certified to take Medicaid (CMS lists it as "Medicare and Medicaid"). Certification does not mean a Medicaid bed is open: ask the admissions office.

Who owns Ballard Nursing Center?

CMS lists 5 owners and managers, and links the home to IHS Management Consultants. Legal business name: IHS BALLARD NURSING CENTER INC.

Ballard Nursing Center: Inspections, Staffing & Ratings

The record in brief

At its most recent standard inspection, on August 28, 2025, inspectors cited 3 health deficiencies (the Oklahoma average is 6.4, the national average 9.2).

Of 18 health citations since February 2023, 1 was rated as actual harm or immediate jeopardy to residents (1 immediate jeopardy).

CMS lists 1 fine totaling $8,281 in the last three years; the largest was $8,281, and the latest is dated May 20, 2025.

Nurses and nurse aides worked 2.93 hours per resident per day, against 3.79 across Oklahoma and 3.86 nationally. Registered nurses accounted for 0.35 of those hours.

75.0% of nursing staff left within the year CMS measured (Oklahoma average 55.5%).

CMS links it to IHS Management Consultants, an affiliated group of 5 nursing homes.

Health inspections

Federal rules call for a standard inspection at least every 15 months, plus a visit whenever a complaint is filed. Each mark below is one citation, colored by how serious inspectors rated it. How to read a citation.

Under each citation, the quoted text is the inspector's own summary from the federal statement of deficiencies (CMS form 2567), word for word apart from a privacy scrub; CMS removes residents' and staff names before it publishes the text. The full notes are on Medicare.gov.

102/23

1303/24

105/25

308/25

Potential for minimal harm Potential for more than minimal harm Actual harm Immediate jeopardy Found on a complaint visit

Where its citations fall on CMS's grid

CMS rates every citation by how much harm it caused (rows) and how many residents it touched (columns). The count in each box is this home's, across all 18 health citations on file.

Severity

Isolated

Pattern

Widespread

Immediate jeopardy

Actual harm

Potential for more than minimal harm

Potential for minimal harm

August 28, 2025Standard inspection · 3 citations

F

Educate residents and staff on COVID-19 vaccination, offer the COVID-19 vaccine to eligible residents and staff after education, and properly document each resident and staff member's vaccination status.

F887 · Infection Control · No actual harm, potential for more than minimal harm, widespread · Corrected (the home has a date of correction) October 3, 2025

Inspectors wroteBased on record review and interview, the facility failed to ensure residents were offered vaccines and received education related to COVID-19 immunizations, and if the vaccine was declined, the required documentation was in place for 1 (#54) of 5 sampled residents reviewed for immunizations. The administrator reported 60 residents resided in the facility.
E

Procure food from sources approved or considered satisfactory and store, prepare, distribute and serve food in accordance with professional standards.

F812 · Nutrition and Dietary · No actual harm, potential for more than minimal harm, pattern · Corrected (the home has a date of correction) October 3, 2025

Inspectors wroteBased on observation and interview, the facility failed to ensure food service equipment was free from grease and grime. The dietary manager reported plate warming lids were used for residents who receive their meals in their rooms.
D

Develop and implement a complete care plan that meets all the resident's needs, with timetables and actions that can be measured.

F656 · Resident Assessment and Care Planning · No actual harm, potential for more than minimal harm, isolated · Corrected (the home has a date of correction) October 3, 2025

Inspectors wroteBased on record review and interview, the facility to ensure a food allergy was included on the comprehensive care plan for 1 (#31) of 1 sampled resident reviewed for food allergies. The administrator reported 60 residents resided in the facility.

May 20, 2025Complaint inspection · 1 citation

J

Ensure that a nursing home area is free from accident hazards and provides adequate supervision to prevent accidents.

F689 · Quality of Life and Care · Immediate jeopardy to resident health or safety, isolated · found on a complaint visit · Past noncompliance: already fixed when inspectors found it

Inspectors wroteOn 05/20/25, a past non-compliance Immediate Jeopardy (IJ) situation was determined to exist related to the facility's failure to provide supervision to prevent elopement. Based on record review and interview, the facility failed to provide supervision for 1 (#1) of 3 sampled residents reviewed for wandering. The administrator identified 71 residents resided in the facility.

March 27, 2024Standard inspection, Complaint inspection · 13 citations

E

Honor the resident's right to a safe, clean, comfortable and homelike environment, including but not limited to receiving treatment and supports for daily living safely.

F584 · Resident Rights · No actual harm, potential for more than minimal harm, pattern · found on a complaint visit · Corrected (the home has a date of correction) May 31, 2024

Inspectors wroteBased on observation, record review, and interview, the facility failed to ensure the physical environment was kept clean and maintained in good repair. The DON identified 53 residents resided in the facility.
E

Respond appropriately to all alleged violations.

F610 · Freedom from Abuse, Neglect, and Exploitation · No actual harm, potential for more than minimal harm, pattern · found on a complaint visit · Corrected (the home has a date of correction) May 31, 2024

Inspectors wroteBased on observation, record review, and interview, the facility failed to conduct a thorough investigation into allegations of abuse for one (#38) of three sampled residents reviewed for abuse. The DON identified 53 residents who resided in the facility.
E

Provide safe, appropriate dialysis care/services for a resident who requires such services.

F698 · Quality of Life and Care · No actual harm, potential for more than minimal harm, pattern · Corrected (the home has a date of correction) May 31, 2024

Inspectors wroteBased on observation, record review, and interview, the facility failed to ensure a dialysis resident received monitoring before and after dialysis treatment and failed to ensure communication between the facility and the dialysis center for one (#13) of one sampled residents reviewed for dialysis. The DON identified one resident resided in the facility received dialysis services.
E

Provide pharmaceutical services to meet the needs of each resident and employ or obtain the services of a licensed pharmacist.

F755 · Pharmacy Service · No actual harm, potential for more than minimal harm, pattern · Corrected (the home has a date of correction) May 31, 2024

Inspectors wroteBased on record review and interview the facility failed to ensure medications were administered as ordered for one (#13) of five sampled residents reviewed for unnecessary medications. The DON identified 53 residents resided in the facility.
E

Procure food from sources approved or considered satisfactory and store, prepare, distribute and serve food in accordance with professional standards.

F812 · Nutrition and Dietary · No actual harm, potential for more than minimal harm, pattern · Corrected (the home has a date of correction) May 31, 2024

Inspectors wroteBased on observation and interview, the facility failed to ensure the kitchen was kept clean and maintained in good repair. The DM identified 51 residents received services from the kitchen. Two residents received nutrition and hydration solely through a feeding tube.
E

Provide and implement an infection prevention and control program.

F880 · Infection Control · No actual harm, potential for more than minimal harm, pattern · Corrected (the home has a date of correction) May 31, 2024

Inspectors wroteBased on observation, record review, and interview, the facility failed to ensure infection control measures were followed during fingerstick glucose monitoring for nine (#7, 13, 20, 24, 29, 33, 42, 52, and #207) of nine residents who were observed during fingerstick glucose monitoring. Corporate nurse consultant #1 identified 12 residents who received fingerstick glucose monitoring.
E

Develop and implement policies and procedures for flu and pneumonia vaccinations.

F883 · Infection Control · No actual harm, potential for more than minimal harm, pattern · Corrected (the home has a date of correction) May 31, 2024

Inspectors wroteBased on record review and interview, the facility failed to educate, offer, and screen residents for eligibility to receive the pneumococcal vaccination for one (#34) and failed to educate, offer, and screen residents for eligibility to receive the influenza vaccination for one (#37) of five sampled residents reviewed for immunizations. The DON identified 53 residents who resided in the facility.
D

Allow residents to self-administer drugs if determined clinically appropriate.

F554 · Resident Rights · No actual harm, potential for more than minimal harm, isolated · Corrected (the home has a date of correction) May 31, 2024

Inspectors wroteBased on observation, record review, and interview, the facility failed to ensure a resident had a physician order to self-administer medications for one (#37) of one sampled resident reviewed for self-administration of medications. Corporate Nurse Consultant #1 identified there were no residents with physician orders to self-administer medications.
D

Reasonably accommodate the needs and preferences of each resident.

F558 · Resident Rights · No actual harm, potential for more than minimal harm, isolated · Corrected (the home has a date of correction) May 31, 2024

Inspectors wroteBased on observation and interview, the facility failed to ensure call lights accommodated residents needs for two (#10 and #37) of two sampled residents reviewed for accommodation of needs. The DON identified 53 residents resided in the facility.
D

Honor the resident's right to request, refuse, and/or discontinue treatment, to participate in or refuse to participate in experimental research, and to formulate an advance directive.

F578 · Resident Rights · No actual harm, potential for more than minimal harm, isolated · Corrected (the home has a date of correction) May 31, 2024

Inspectors wroteBased on record review and interview, the facility failed to ensure a resident's code status was accurate for one (#21) of one sampled resident reviewed for advance directives. The DON identified 53 residents resided in the facility.
D

Develop the complete care plan within 7 days of the comprehensive assessment; and prepared, reviewed, and revised by a team of health professionals.

F657 · Resident Assessment and Care Planning · No actual harm, potential for more than minimal harm, isolated · Corrected (the home has a date of correction) May 31, 2024

Inspectors wroteBased on record review and interview, the facility failed to update the care plan related to hospice services for one (#17) of two sampled resident reviewed for hospice services. The DON identified 12 residents who received hospice services.
D

Ensure necessary information is communicated to the resident, and receiving health care provider at the time of a planned discharge.

F661 · Resident Assessment and Care Planning · No actual harm, potential for more than minimal harm, isolated · Corrected (the home has a date of correction) May 31, 2024

Inspectors wroteBased on record review and interview the facility failed to complete a discharge summary that included a recapitulation of the resident's stay for one (#55) of three sampled residents reviewed for discharge. The DON identified 53 residents resided in the facility.
D

Implement gradual dose reductions(GDR) and non-pharmacological interventions, unless contraindicated, prior to initiating or instead of continuing psychotropic medication; and PRN orders for psychotropic medications are only used when the medication is necessary and PRN use is limited.

F758 · Pharmacy Service · No actual harm, potential for more than minimal harm, isolated · Corrected (the home has a date of correction) May 31, 2024

Inspectors wroteBased on record review and interview, the facility failed to ensure an antianxiety medication was monitored for effectiveness and side effects for one (#13) of five sampled residents reviewed for unnecessary medications. The DON identified 53 residents resided in the facility. Res #13 had diagnoses which included anxiety. A physician order, dated 12/07/23, documented to administer buspirone 10 mg three times per day for anxiety. A physician order, dated 03/24/24, documented to monitor side effects of antianxiety medications. On 03/26/24 at 9:04 a.m., corporate nurse consultant #1 was asked to provide documentation of side effect monitoring from 12/07/23 to 03/24/24. On 03/26/24 at 9:21 a.m., corporate nurse consultant #1 stated there was no documentation of side effect monitoring from December to March.

February 9, 2023Standard inspection · 1 citation

E

Implement gradual dose reductions(GDR) and non-pharmacological interventions, unless contraindicated, prior to initiating or instead of continuing psychotropic medication; and PRN orders for psychotropic medications are only used when the medication is necessary and PRN use is limited.

F758 · Pharmacy Service · No actual harm, potential for more than minimal harm, pattern · Corrected (the home has a date of correction) April 1, 2023

Inspectors wroteBased on record review, observation, and interview, the facility failed to ensure a specific condition and diagnosis was documented, based on a comprehensive assessment/evaluation, for the use of a psychotropic medication for one (#16) of five residents reviewed for unnecessary medications. The Resident Census and Conditions of Residents form documented eight residents who received an antipsychotic medication. [...]

Fire safety inspections

4 fire safety citations on file: 4 on August 28, 2025.

Every fire safety citation4 citations

F
Ensure that corridors are separated from use areas by walls constructed to limit the passage of smoke.

K 362 · August 28, 2025 · Corrected (the home has a date of correction)
F
Have posted "No-smoking" signs in areas where smoking is not permitted or ashtrays provided where smoking was allowed.

K 741 · August 28, 2025 · Corrected (the home has a date of correction)
E
Install an approved automatic sprinkler system.

K 351 · August 28, 2025 · Corrected (the home has a date of correction)
C
Have generator or other power source capable of supplying service within 10 seconds.

K 918 · August 28, 2025 · Corrected (the home has a date of correction)

Fines and payment denials

Date	Penalty	Amount or length
May 20, 2025	Fine	$8,281

A payment denial means Medicare and Medicaid stopped paying for new admissions for that period.

Staffing

Hours of care per resident per day, from the payroll records every home sends CMS. Higher means more staff time with each resident.

Measure	This home	Oklahoma	United States
All nursing staff (RN, LPN and aides)	2.93	3.79	3.86
Registered nurses	0.35	0.34	0.69
All nursing staff on weekends	2.96	3.44	3.42
Nurse aides	2.04
Licensed practical nurses	0.54
Nursing staff turnover (share who left in a year)	75.0%	55.5%	45.8%
Registered nurse turnover	57.1%	53.6%	42.9%
Administrators who left	1

CMS expects 2.94 hours a day for residents as sick as this home's (its case-mix figure). The staffing star compares the two.

Staffing by quarter, from daily payroll records

Every nursing home sends CMS its staff hours for each day (the Payroll Based Journal). Here they are added up by quarter. The latest quarter is the one behind the figures above. In January to March 2026, nursing staff hours per resident were 2.92 on weekdays and 2.96 on weekends (nationally, weekends ran 15% lower). Contract or agency staff worked 8.9% of nursing hours, against 5.3% nationally. Total nursing hours per resident went from 3.03 in April to June 2025 to 2.93 in January to March 2026.

Quarter	All nursing staff	Registered nurses	Weekdays	Weekends	Contract staff share	Days with no RN hours	Residents a day
Jan to Mar 2026	2.93	0.35	2.92	2.96	8.9%	0 of 90	60
Oct to Dec 2025	3.11	0.49	3.26	2.75	7.9%	1 of 92	56
Jul to Sep 2025	3.20	0.38	3.36	2.81	3.0%	0 of 92	62
Apr to Jun 2025	3.03	0.36	3.14	2.74	2.1%	1 of 91	68
United States, Jan to Mar 2026	3.75	0.62	3.92	3.33	5.3%	0.5% of days
Oklahoma, Jan to Mar 2026	3.79	0.32	3.94	3.42	2.2%	1.6% of days

Hours per resident per day: staff hours in the quarter divided by resident days (the daily census CMS derives from resident assessments). Registered nurses include the director of nursing and RNs with administrative duties; aides include nurse aides in training and medication aides, as in CMS's own staffing measure. How these are calculated.

Staff pay reports

Staff pay at this home

No staff pay figure for this home has passed review yet. A figure appears only after at least 5 reports from at least 3 different people, sent over at least 60 days, have passed review. If you work here, your report helps start one.

Official wage estimates for Oklahoma

Job	Median	Middle half	Employed
Oklahoma, all employers
CNAs (nursing assistants)	$17.27	$15.82 to $18.39	19,410
LPNs and LVNs	$28.04	$24.06 to $29.84	11,540
Registered nurses	$39.87	$37.19 to $47.55	38,270
United States, nursing care facilities
CNAs (nursing assistants)	$20.67	$17.91 to $22.55	534,270
LPNs and LVNs	$33.86	$30.05 to $37.40	188,210
Registered nurses	$41.11	$37.85 to $47.68	142,270

Hourly wages; the middle half runs from the 25th to the 75th percentile. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, May 2025. BLS has no separate estimate for medication aides. These are survey estimates for whole occupations, not figures for any one home.

How staff pay reports work · CNA pay by state

Quality measures

The measures CMS uses for the quality star. Lower is better for every one of them.

Measure	This home	Oklahoma	US
Percentage of long-stay residents whose need for help with daily activities has increased Long Stay residents, 2025Q2-2026Q1	27.9	13.6	13.9
Percentage of long-stay residents with a catheter inserted and left in their bladder Long Stay residents, 2025Q2-2026Q1	3.0	1.9	0.8
Percentage of long-stay residents with a urinary tract infection Long Stay residents, 2025Q2-2026Q1	9.6	2.8	1.6
Percentage of long-stay residents experiencing one or more falls with major injury Long Stay residents, 2025Q2-2026Q1	3.6	4.7	3.2
Percentage of short-stay residents who newly received an antipsychotic medication Short Stay residents, 2025Q2-2026Q1	5.3	1.8	1.6
Percentage of long-stay residents whose ability to walk independently worsened Long Stay residents, 2025Q2-2026Q1	37.8	13.7	14.1
Percentage of long-stay residents with pressure ulcers Long Stay residents, 2025Q2-2026Q1	2.0	4.7	4.6
Percentage of long-stay residents who received an antipsychotic medication Long Stay residents, 2025Q2-2026Q1	28.9	17.5	15.4
Percentage of short-stay residents who were rehospitalized after a nursing home admission Short Stay residents, 20250101-20251231	15.1	27.3	23.8
Percentage of short-stay residents who had an outpatient emergency department visit Short Stay residents, 20250101-20251231	5.0	16.6	12.0
Number of hospitalizations per 1000 long-stay resident days Long Stay residents, 20250101-20251231	2.9	2.3	1.9
Number of outpatient emergency department visits per 1000 long-stay resident days Long Stay residents, 20250101-20251231	2.4	3.0	1.8

Short-term rehab results

For a stay to recover after a hospital visit, these are the results CMS publishes for Ballard Nursing Center's Medicare short-stay residents. On returning residents home or to the community, CMS rates it no different from the national rate (57.0% of residents, after adjusting for how sick they were). How to read these, and what Medicare pays for.

Went home or back to the community

57.0% this home

No different from the national rate

US median of homes 51.5% · Oklahoma: 24 better, 16 worse

Rate of successful return to home or community from a SNF (risk-standardized discharge to community rate). Higher is better. October 2022 to September 2024. 49 eligible stays.

Potentially preventable readmissions

9.8% this home

No different from the national rate

US median of homes 10.7% · Oklahoma: 1 better, 9 worse

Rate of potentially preventable hospital readmissions 30 days after discharge from a SNF (risk-standardized rate). Lower is better. October 2022 to September 2024. 64 eligible stays.

Infections that led to a hospital stay

6.8% this home

No different from the national rate

US median of homes 7.1% · Oklahoma: 0 better, 4 worse

Percentage of infections residents got during their SNF stay that resulted in hospitalization (risk-standardized rate). Lower is better. October 2023 to September 2024. 39 eligible stays.

Self-care and mobility at discharge

50.0% this home

Median of homes: Oklahoma54.3% · US 56.6%

Percentage of residents who are at or above an expected ability to care for themselves and move around at discharge. Higher is better. October 2024 to September 2025. 20 residents counted.

Falls with major injury

0.0% this home

Median of homes: Oklahoma0.7% · US 0.0%

Percentage of SNF residents who experience one or more falls with major injury during their SNF stay. Lower is better. October 2024 to September 2025. 27 residents counted.

New or worsened pressure ulcers

0.0% this home

Median of homes: Oklahoma2.4% · US 1.7%

Percentage of residents with pressure ulcers or pressure injuries that are new or worsened (adjusted rate). Lower is better. October 2024 to September 2025. 27 residents counted.

Medication list given at discharge

Not reported

CMS note: The number of residents or resident stays is too small to report. Call the facility to discuss this quality measure.

Median of homes: Oklahoma100.0% · US 98.7%

Percentage of residents where the SNF provided a current medication list to the resident, family, and/or caregiver at final discharge. Higher is better. October 2024 to September 2025. 2 residents counted.

Source: CMS Skilled Nursing Facility Quality Reporting Program - Provider Data, released 2026-09-30. Better, no different and worse are CMS's own comparisons with the national rate, after adjusting for how sick residents were. Medians of homes and the state counts are worked out by us from the same file.

Owners and operators

Legal business name: IHS BALLARD NURSING CENTER INC. CMS links this home to IHS Management Consultants, a group of 5 nursing homes averaging 2.4 stars overall.

Name	Role	Type	Share	Since
IHS Holding Inc	5% or greater direct ownership interest	Organization	100%	05/05/1997
Reed, Bart	5% or greater indirect ownership interest	Individual	100%	05/05/1997
Phillips, Jeanette	W-2 managing employee	Individual		07/29/2019
Reed, Bart	Corporate officer	Individual		07/29/2019
IHS Management Consultants Inc.	Operational/managerial control	Organization		07/29/2019

As listed in the CMS ownership file, which names owners with a 5% or greater stake and the people and companies with operational or managerial control.

Questions to ask on a visit

Chosen from this home's own inspection record.

How do residents and families raise a complaint or grievance, and how fast is it answered?Inspectors cited 4 problems in this area, most recently on March 27, 2024: "Honor the resident's right to a safe, clean, comfortable and homelike environment, including but not limited to receiving treatment and supports for daily living safely."
What changed in infection control since the last inspection, and who on staff is the infection preventionist?Inspectors cited 3 problems in this area, most recently on August 28, 2025: "Educate residents and staff on COVID-19 vaccination, offer the COVID-19 vaccine to eligible residents and staff after education, and properly document each resident and staff member's vaccination status."
When is the care plan meeting, and can family attend it?Inspectors cited 3 problems in this area, most recently on August 28, 2025: "Develop and implement a complete care plan that meets all the resident's needs, with timetables and actions that can be measured."
How are medications reviewed, and how often are antipsychotic or sedating drugs used?Inspectors cited 3 problems in this area, most recently on March 27, 2024: "Provide pharmaceutical services to meet the needs of each resident and employ or obtain the services of a licensed pharmacist."
Who is on the floor on Saturday and Sunday, and how many residents does each aide care for?Weekend nurse staffing here was 2.96 hours per resident per day, below the Oklahoma average of 3.44.
How long has the current administrator been here?CMS counts 1 administrator who left in the period it measured.

Other nursing homes nearby

Jan Frances Care Center
Ada, 1.6 mi · 2 of 5 stars · 41 citations
Ada Care Center
Ada, 1.6 mi · 3 of 5 stars · 16 citations
Callaway Nursing Home
Sulphur, 24.4 mi · 1 of 5 stars · 30 citations

Oklahoma contacts for a concern about a nursing home

These are the official offices in Oklahoma. NursingHomeClear cannot take or act on complaints.

Inspections and complaints: Oklahoma State Department of Health, Long Term Care Service, the state agency that inspects nursing homes for CMS and takes complaints about care.
Resident advocate: Oklahoma Long-Term Care Ombudsman, Office of the Attorney General, 1-800-211-2116. The long-term care ombudsman is a free, confidential advocate for residents and families, set up under the federal Older Americans Act.
State inspection reports: OSDH Long Term Care Surveys search, where Oklahoma publishes its own records on licensed homes.

Common questions

What is Ballard Nursing Center's Medicare star rating?: CMS rates Ballard Nursing Center 3 out of 5 stars overall, with 3 for health inspections, 2 for staffing and 3 for quality measures (CMS data as of September 1, 2026).
How many deficiencies did Ballard Nursing Center get at its last inspection?: 3 health deficiencies at the standard inspection on August 28, 2025. The Oklahoma average is 6.4.
Has Ballard Nursing Center been fined?: Yes. CMS lists 1 fine totaling $8,281 in the last three years.
Does Ballard Nursing Center accept Medicaid?: It is certified to take Medicaid (CMS lists it as "Medicare and Medicaid"). Certification does not mean a Medicaid bed is open: ask the admissions office.
Who owns Ballard Nursing Center?: CMS lists 5 owners and managers, and links the home to IHS Management Consultants. Legal business name: IHS BALLARD NURSING CENTER INC.

Sources

Ratings, staffing and fines: CMS Provider Information, released September 30, 2026, data as of September 1, 2026.
Citations: CMS Health Deficiencies and Fire Safety Deficiencies.
Owners: CMS Ownership. Penalties: CMS Penalties.
Staffing by quarter: CMS Payroll Based Journal Daily Nurse Staffing, April 2025 to March 2026, summed by NursingHomeClear.
Inspector summaries: CMS Full Statement of Deficiencies (CMS-2567 text), data as of September 1, 2026. Each quote is the part of the statement before the detailed findings.
Inspection reports with the inspectors' full notes are on this home's Medicare.gov page.
Something wrong on this page? Ask for a correction. We fix errors in our copy of the data; findings themselves can only be changed by CMS and the state.
NursingHomeClear is independent and not affiliated with CMS, Medicare or any state agency. This page reports federal records; it does not rate, recommend or endorse any home, and it is not medical or legal advice.